KOMENTARI ELEKTRONIK
CODE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE FOR CHILDREN   |   37/2017

Article 35: Tasks of the Unit for Protection of the rights of the child concerning the child witness and victim

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1. The representative of the Unit for Protection of Rights of the Child is the support person in cases involving the child victim and witness and, inter alia, it has the duty to:

a. support the child emotionally;

b. provide support during the entire criminal process. Such support may include measures to minimise the negative consequences of the criminal offence, measures to assist the child during the daily activity, and measures in relation to administrative cases over circumstances of the concrete case;

c. advise in case the following of a therapy or professional consultancy is necessary;

ç. be in contact with relatives, friends and defence counsel of the child;

d. inform the child of health care, psychological or social services, and the available means of receiving such services;

dh. keep the child informed of their procedural status, the importance of testimony giving, duration, form, as well as the procedural rules of cross-examination;

e. inform the child of the time and place of cross-examination and execution of other procedural actions;

ë. inform the child of their right to appeal against procedural actions foreseen by law;

f. avoid, where appropriate, improper and/or unpleasant contact with the child by placing the child in a separate room in between the hearings, or taking other measures to protect the best interest of the child, in cooperation with the defence counsel or in absence of the latter, in cooperation with the child and legal representative;

g. ask the court to the take protective measures, when necessary, in cooperation with the defence counsel or in his/her absence, in cooperation with the child and the legal representative;

gj. request the taking of special measures if they are necessary considering the circumstances of the child.

2. The representative of the Unit for Protection of the rights of the child, if assigned in the capacity of the procedural representative, in cases of the child victim and witness under 14 years of age, shall give as well the consent for child’s testimony giving.

Table of Content

      1. Article 35 intends to set out the tasks for the representatives of the Unit for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (UPRC) in order for this structure to be supportive for the child involved in the process of criminal justice. This article “extracts” the directions of the supportive role of the UPRC, such as: in the emotional aspect; in the support for the completion of the daily activities by the child; in the realization and reporting of the activities of an administrative character, in minimizing the negative consequences of the criminal offence and so on.

       

      1. Article 35 intends to render the concrete supportive actions which shall be carried out by the representative of the UPRC, such as: the professional counselling; informing the child regarding the health, psychological or social services as well as the potential ways of receiving these services; preserving the communication with the relatives, friends and defence counsel of the child, etc.

       

      1. One of the purposes of Article 35 is the identification of the obligation for providing information which belongs to the official of the Unit for the Protection of the Rights of the Child. This obligation is in line with the right of the child to be informed. Providing information is related with aspects such as the procedural condition of the child, the importance of testimony giving, the duration, the form as well as the procedural rules of cross-examination; the time and place of cross examination, the right to appeal regarding the procedural actions, etc.

       

      1. Article 35 highlights for the representative of the UPRC, for the defence counsel of the child and his legal representative, the guarantee for protecting the best interest of the child avoiding the inappropriate or unwanted contacts for the child.

        

      1. Article 35 intends to complete the legal framework provided for in Law No. 18/2017, “On the rights and the protection of the child”, which specifies in Article 51[1] the duties of the employee of the UPRC. Therefore, the UPRC and this law are instruments that shall be used and applied in harmony, because they are complimentary to each other.

       

      [1] Article 51 of Law No. 18/2017 "On the Rights and Protection of the Child" provides: "Duties of the employee in charge for Child Protection 1. The employee in charge for the child protection carries out the function of the manager on duty for children in need of protection from the moment of identification or referral, during the drafting of the implementation of the protection measure and the Individual Defense Plan until their completion 2. The employee in charge for child protection shall have the following duties: a) to proactively identify the cases of the child at risk and in need of protection through periodical visits in the field and in the  family of the child at risk, communicating with professionals from education health and order sectors who have contact with children; b) assessing the level of risk of each case referred and identified by the child in need for protection c) to require the meeting of the inter-sectoral technical group and to draft the Individual Plan of Defense, part of which is the proposal for taking protective measures; d) to inform the head of the child protection unit and to propose to the director of the responsible structure of the social services the taking of protection measures on the basis of the Individual Defense Plan and to coordinate interventions and actions set out in the plan; d) to cooperate and exchange information on the management of cases of child in need of protection with any responsible health, education, police, prosecutorial and judicial structure at local and national level, as well as with civil society, while maintaining personal data of the child; f) to monitor the progress of the implementation of the protection measure, the progress of the development of the child, for which the protection measure has been established. Other professionals involved in the implementation of the protection measure or the Individual Defense Plan are obliged to keep the child protection worker informed about the progress, challenges and problems encountered during their implementation; e) to propose the amendment or revocation of the protection measure and / or the amendment or termination of the Individual Protection Plan if there are no longer any conditions for which a measure and plan has been established or when it serves the child and / or is in his/ her best interest; h) to facilitate and support the child and / or the child's family in performing the actions or duties set out in the Individual Defense Plan; f) to participate in the court proceedings, in which the protection measures proposed in the individual child protection plans for which he is the case manager are considered; g) address the prosecutor for the removal of parental responsibility by making it known to parents who show grave negligence in the exercise of parental responsibility or when, by their actions, the parents have a harmful effect on education and development of the child. gj) to assist the child and / or the child's family in drafting and submitting complaints to the Ombudsman or other responsible authorities. "

       

      1. Paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the CCJC provides for a range of duties for the employee of the UPRC, which can be grouped in three directions. Letter a) to letter ç) provide for the duties of a general character related to the support given to the child emotionally, regarding the communication, the professional counselling, etc. Letter d) to letter ë) provide for the duties of the employee related to the right to be informed of the child involved in the criminal justice process.  Letter f) to letter gj) provide for the duties for institutional cooperation of the UPRC with the lawyer, the defence counsel, the legal representative and the court, regarding the request for taking the protective measures, the special measures, etc.

       

      1. Paragraph 2 of Article 35 focuses on a special duty of the representative of the UPRC charging him with the duty of the procedural representative; consequently, a more active and more important role in the process. In this case the representative of the UPRC gives the consent for the testimony giving by the child.

       

      1. According to Article 35, the duties of the UPRC are listed intending to protect the child from the victimisation and the revictimization. Also, another intention is the best and the fastest rehabilitation from the consequences of the criminal offence.

        

      1. Article 35 has a structure which follows the reference line expressively. However, its content and specifically the content of paragraph 1 shall be read parallel to Article 51 of law No. 18/2017 “On the rights and the protection of the child”, which provides for the duties of the employee of the UPRC.
      1. Regarding the role of the UPRC in the criminal justice process, Article 35 highlights the duties of the representative of this institution supporting the child witness and victim.

       

      1. Paragraph 1, letter a) of Article 35 provides for the first duty of the employee of the UPRC, which is “supporting the child emotionally”. The emotional support is related to the assistance to improve the situation of someone from a problematic emotional and psychological condition to a better condition, in order to have a solution even when they are in difficulties. In the respective case, the support person has the role of someone who is considered as a starting point or as a point of reference for the establishment of a correct relation between the child and the justice system. The support person facilitates the management of the difficult emotional conditions, in which the child may be involved as he confronts the justice system.  There is a high probability that the child may have emotional instability as he gives the testimony or reproduces the events.   Not only does the assistance of the support person help the child, but it also assists the process itself as it creates a more favourable climate in the management of the situations.

       

      1. Letter b) of paragraph 1 of Article 35 provides for broad opportunities of support by the employee of the UPRC for the child witnesses and victims during the entire criminal process. After the statement of this support in a general and unspecified way, summarized in the first sentence of letter b), in the phrase “provide support during the entire criminal process”, the legislator, in the second sentence of this letter tries to make the type of this support concrete, illustrating the specification of the support nature in three forms: through the measures that intend to minimize the negative consequences of the criminal offence, such as: attending the restorative and mediation justice programs, the therapies of detoxifying and medical nature, the psychoanalysis sessions and other ones similar to them; through the measures to assist the child in the daily activity, such as: the attendance of the courses for the lesson and the realization of the academic and vocational activities, the engagement in the activities of an educative, training, sportive, entertaining and humanitarian nature, etc.; and through the measures in relation to the administrative cases related to the consequences of the concrete case, such as: carrying out activities related to exercising the right to complain, covering the requests related to the administrative measures in favour of the child, etc.  

       

      1. Letter c) of paragraph 1 provides for the task that the UPRC “advise in case the following of a therapy or professional consultancy is necessary”. The psychological therapy refers to the case when a specialist offers a supportive environment which permits the person in need to communicate openly with someone who is objective, neutral and non-judgemental. A therapist may assist the child to bear the feelings and the symptoms, and to change the models of behaviour that may contribute in the improvement of the situation.  The professional counselling is a field which belongs to the field of psychology and treats areas such as: the evaluation and the interventions at an individual, group and organisational level.  In the respective case, the representative of the UPRC carries out the role of the coordinator to identify the specific needs of the case and the orientation of the child for an appropriate psychological treatment in the institutions that guarantee these services. 

       

      1. Letter ç), paragraph 1 provides for the task of the UPRC: “to be in contact with relatives, friends and defence counsel of the child”. A very important role in the management of the case is that the UPRC shall be in contact with the relatives, the friends and the defence counsel of the child to reach more accurate conclusions on the particulars and the needs of the moment. In order for the information on the emotional and social conditions to be as complete as possible, very often, data are necessary to be taken from the environment that surrounds the child in the normal life.

       

      1. Letter d), paragraph 1 of Article 35 treats the obligation of the employee of the UPRC to inform the child regarding the health, psychological or social services as well as the potential modes of receiving these services. This type of information may be offered verbally, through explaining the particulars of each service, the advantages the child benefits from receiving it. Also, the information may be transmitted to the child by providing explanatory materials to them as well as leaflets and brochures which contain the necessary information according to the age of the child and their cognition level.  In each of these cases, the information shall provide the appropriate space for questions and answers by the child and for a better clarification.

       

      1. Letter dh) paragraph 1 of Article 35 provides for the obligation for the provision of information of a legal character. The employee in charge for the protection of the child[1], located at UPRC or the local government unit which are structures still not present throughout the country but progressive, is compelled to inform the child “on their procedural status”, to explain if the child is a witness, an accused person or a victim, to explain the consequences of the judicial and investigatory process towards him, to explain the importance of testimony giving and of telling the truth, to explain the consequences of the false testimony and the importance of telling the truth, to tell the nature of the process of juvenile justice and to provide information on every participant in it with the respective legal roles, starting from the prosecutor, the judge, the lawyer, the defence counsel, the legal representative, etc. It is logical to ask when UPRC is informed about a minor victim case? The answer to this can be found in the legal acts, Decision of the Council of Ministers no. 265, dated 12.04.2012 "On the establishment and functioning of the work coordination mechanism between the state authorities responsible for referring the cases of children at risk, as well as the manner of its processing", which determines the coordination of the activity of the referral mechanism. These acts are under revision. The child shall also be informed about the duration of the cross-examination, the form how the cross-examination will be conducted as well as the procedural rules of the cross examination, in order for the child to be clear before a process which is unknown for them. This will increase the security of giving an accurate and true testimony. Since there is no legal specification as to whether the obligation of the employee in charge for child protection shall be enforced first or whether the court should contact the UPRC for obtaining the information that the latter owes, we can say that this liability burdens each of these bodies. In practice, this will also depend on which of the competent bodies, the court or the UPRC will be informed in advance of the respective proceedings for the presence of a minor in the criminal justice process in order to protect his / her rights in the process.

       

      1. Letter ë) paragraph 1 Article 35 is an extension of letter dh), because it continues with the obligations that originate from the process of giving the testimony and of cross-examining the child. Letter ë) refers to the obligation on giving information related to the time and place of cross-examining the child, which is separated from the other procedural actions. “The time and the place of the cross-examination of the child” are two important factors for the success of the process. This obligation should be seen as linked with Article 361, letter a of CPC too. The term “appropriate” is the appropriate adjective to be attached to the time and place of cross-examination. This thing shall be considered by every institutional representative related to the process of juvenile justice and the cross-examination.  Letter ë) treats even the information related to the “enforcement of the other procedural actions”.  The child shall receive information not only about the cross examination, but also about the measures that may be taken to secure their life and safety, the actions that will be conducted, such as: confrontation, the presence for introduction, investigation, adjudication, the receipt of evidence, the health and psychological examination, etc.  All the rights that have been listed in this letter of the provision have been provided for also in Article 58 and 58, letter a) of CPC, and should be treated as linked. 

       

      1. Letter f) paragraph 1 of article 35 underlines the importance of the cooperation between the employee of the UPRC, the defence counsel, the child and the legal representative. The purpose of this cooperation is to guarantee that during the cross-examination of the child and the testimony giving no risks will come from other participants in the adjudication or people related to them. Avoiding the “inappropriate and/or undesirable contacts” shall be understood a way to keep the child physically away from the impact of the accused person or keeping a distance not to meet each-other in the case when the child is a victim or a witness. The provision itself, provides for the way how this thing will be conducted physically by giving the illustration of keeping the child in a separate room between the hearings, or other measures, which ensure the avoidance of a meeting, the distance or the appropriate distance for the protection of the child’s best interest. “The contact” may be expressed in the form of a physical meeting or of an instant physical communication which is achieved through the assistance of the technological and electronic means of communication. “The contact is inappropriate” when the contact causes disturbances, anxiety, fear, pressure and physical or psychological violence on the child, to intimidate the child so that the latter shall not speak or shall withdraw, manipulate or change his statements and testimony.  Regarding the term “the best interest of the child”, provided for in letter f), we may say that being oriented by the child’s best interest means that all the measures that are taken to avoid the contacts with the undesirable individuals shall be done with the final purpose of creating a quiet and safe atmosphere.  The meaning of “the best interest of the child” i provided for in paragraph 9, Article 3 of the CCJC and it means the right of the child to have a healthy physical, mental, moral, spiritual, social development and to enjoy a family and social life appropriate for the child. The best interest of the child is one of the principles listed in Article 10 of the CCJC, which originates from Article 3 of the Convention of the United Nations on the Rights of the Child.  

       

      1. Letter g), paragraph 1 Article 35 treats another cooperation form between the employee of the UPRC with the defence counsel, the child and the legal representative who are entitled and have the obligation to require from the court that protective measures shall be taken towards the child, if they are necessary. The interpretation of the protective measures is provided in Article 37 of the UPRC, which provides for that in order for the child’s life and health security to be increased, protective measures are taken, such as: avoiding, in every phase of the process, of the direct contact between the child victim or witness and of the accused person; issuing a “restriction-order” in the court, rendering the security measure “imprisonment” or “house arrest” against the accused person to stop the contact with the child; preserving the secret regarding the location of the child, etc. 

       

      1. Letter gj) paragraph 1, Article 35 provides for the right and at the same time even the obligation that the employee of the UPRC shall require special measures to be taken, in case it is deemed that these measures are necessary for the circumstances where the child is. The phrase “shall require special measures to be taken... if... they are necessary” means the case when the support person, also in the role of the one who observes and analyses the emotional, psychic and social state of the child in contact with the justice system, may have requests on taking special measures in specific cases. For example, these measures may be different techniques from the usual ones used as the testimony is taken, or suggestions to get the testimony in the premises outside the court and in more familiar premises for the child.

       

      [1] Article 34 of Law No. 18/2017 "On the rights and protection of the child", points 3 and 4 provide: "3. The structures for the rights and protection of the child at the central level are: a) the minister coordinating the work on issues of rights and protection of the child, b) the State Agency for the Rights and Protection of the Child, c) each responsible minister, in the covered area, with respect to the rights of the child and their protection. 4. The child protection structures at the local level are: a) municipality b) responsible structure for social services in the municipality c) child protection unit within the responsible structure for social services in the municipality ç) unit for evaluation of needs and referral at the municipality or administrative units d) employee on charge at the unit on child protection and the unit on evaluation of needs and referral.”

      1. With regard to the general aspects of the duties of the Unit for the Protection of the Rights of Children, before the CCJC, there used to be law no. 10 347, dated 4.11.2010 “On the Protection of the Rights of the Child”.[1] Article 37 of this law provided for the Duties of the State Agency for the Protection of the Rights of the Child. Article 38 of the same law would provide for the duties of the units, which means of the UPRC in the council of the district.  Article 39 provided for the duties of the UPRC in the municipality/commune.

       

      1. Prior to the CCJC, the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Albania, adopted through law no. 7905, dated 21.3.1995, amended with the laws no.: 7977, dated 26.7.1995, 8027, dated 15.11.1995, no. 8180, dated 23.12.1996, no. 8460, dated 11.2.1999, no. 8570, dated 20.1.2000, no.8602, dated 10.4.2000, no. 8813, dated 13.6.2002, no.9085, dated 19.6.2003, no. 9187, dated 12.2.2004, no. 9276, dated 16.9.2004, no. 9911, dated 5.5.2008, no. 10 054, dated 29.12.2008, no. 145/2013, dated 2.5.2013, no. 21/2014, dated 10.3.2014, no.99/2014, dated 31.7.2014, no. 35/2017, dated 30.3.2017; Decisions of the Constitutional Court no. 55, dated 21.11.1997, no. 15, dated 17.4.2003 and no. 31, dated 17.5.2012, would treat some rules on the cross-examination of the child witnesses in article 361. This means that no legal provision existed historically before the entry into force of CCJC, on the detailed rules of questioning of the child.

       

      [1] http://www.kqk.gov.al/sites/default/files/publikime/ligji_nr.10_347_date_04.11.2010.pdf

      1. Article 3 of the Convention of the United Nations Organisation On the rights of the child, November 20, 1989, provides for the principle of the best interest of the child.

       

      1. Resolution No. 2 on child-friendly justice, adopted at the 28th Conference of European Ministers of Justice (Lanzarote, October 2007)[1]; "IV. Implementation 21. The response to juvenile delinquency should be planned, co-ordinated and delivered by local partnerships comprising the key public agencies – police, probation, youth and social welfare, judicial, education, employment, health and housing authorities – and the voluntary and private sector. Such partnerships should be responsible and accountable for achieving a common and clearly defined aim..."

       

      1. Appendix to Recommendation CM/Rec (2008)11 European Rules for juvenile offenders subject to sanctions or measures and Explanatory memorandum[2].

       

      1. Paragraphs 20to 23 of Recommendation Rec(2003)5 address the specific situation of minors. ... within the Council of Europe in one pragmatic textto be used by governments when developing national legislation and regulations on the subject".

       

      1. United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines)[3]

       

      1. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules)[4]

       

      1. The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules)[5]

       

      1. The United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (The Havana Rules)[6]

       

      [1]https://rm.coe.int/1680694596

      [2]https://rm.coe.int/168070ce24

      [3] http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/45/a45r112.htm

      [4] http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/beijingrules.pdf

      [5]http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/tokyorules.pdf

      [6] http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/45/a45r113.htm

  • Reports, opinions, recommendations and declarations 

    1. "Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime" UNICEF Commentary of the United Nations Model Law provides for the means of the coordination for the protection of the child at local and regional level and provides examples of the positive practices from different countries.

     

    1. ECOSOC Resolution 2005/20 Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime[1].

     

    1. The implementation report of the action plan for children 2012- 2015[2].

     

    [1] http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/docs/2005/resolution%202005-20.pdf

    http://femijet.gov.al/al/wp-P%C3%8BR-F%C3%8BMIJ%C3%8B-2012-2015.pdf

    1. The report on the draft-law “On the protection of the rights of children”[1]reads: "Based on the analyses, it is noticed a need for the establishment of an integrated system for the protection of children and a multidisciplinary approach in the coordination of all the policies and interventions. Apart from this, the way how the rights used to be provided for, not being accompanied with concrete mechanisms for their realization, led to a reality where the law into force did not manage to protect efficiently the rights of the children, as it have mostly a declarative character than a protective one”. Furthermore, this report underlines: “9. The draft-law provides for the first time an all-inclusive system for the protection of the children, re-determining clearly the duties of the institutional mechanisms and the structures for the protection of children at the central and local level, coordinating it with the new law on the social services and the new legal and administrative reality of the territorial division of the country”. “12. The activity of the structures for the protection of the children is regulated taking into consideration that every decision for the children in need for protection shall be taken after a cross-sectoral evaluation, based on which the Individual Protection Plan (IPP) shall be drafted, which is a new concept, too”.

     

    1. The report on the draft law “Code of Criminal Justice for Children” provides for: “Friendly justice for children means guaranteeing the compliance with and the effectiveness of the implementation of all the children’s rights, at the highest achievable level, in the justice systems of a country. For such a thing, it is particularly required that justice shall be accessible, adapted according to the ages, fast, focused on the needs and the rights of children. This includes the right for a due legal process, the right to participate and to understand the procedures, the right for private and family life as well as integrity and dignity.”

     

    1. The strategic documents[2]that impact the preparation of the legislative initiations are also:

     

    • Social Protection Strategy, 2015 – 2020;
    • Political Document of Social Involvement, 2016 – 2020;
    • Action Plan for Street Children, 2015 – 2017;
    • Strategy of the Fight against Trafficking of People and the Action Plan, 2014 -2017.

     

    [1] https://www.parlament.al/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/RELACION-TE-DREJTAT-E-FEMIJES.pdf

    [2]http://femijet.gov.al/al/raporte

    1. Article 51 of law No. 18/2017 "On the rights and the protection of the child”, which provides for the duties of the UPRC. Article 51 provides for: "The duties of the official for the protection of the child 1. The official for the protection of the child carries out the function of the manager of the case for the children in need for protection, from the identification or reference moment, during the drafting and the implementation of the protection measure and the Individual Protection Plan until their completion. 2. The duties of the official for the protection of the child are: a) to identify proactively the cases of the child in danger and in need for protection through the periodical visits in the field and in the family of the child in danger, to communicate with the professionals from the education, health and order sector, which have contacts with the children; b) to assess the danger level of every referred and identified case of the child in need for protection; c) to ask for a meeting with the technical cross-sectorial group and to draft the Individual Protection Plan; ç) to inform the head of the unit for the protection of the child and to propose to the director of the responsible structure of the social services the protection measures based on the Individual Protection Plan and to coordinate the interventions and the actions that are stipulated in the plan; d) to cooperate and exchange information for the management of the cases of the child, who need protection, with every responsible health, education, police, prosecutorial and judiciary structure at local and national level as well as with the civil society, preserving the personal data of the child; dh) to monitor the progress of the enforcement of the protection measure, the progress of the development of the child with a protection measure. The other professionals included in the development of the protection measure or of the Individual Protection Plan are compelled to inform the official of the protection of the child regarding the progress, the challenges and the issues encountered during their implementation; e) to propose the change or the repeal of the protection measure and/or the change or the completion of the Individual Protection Plan if the conditions under which the measure or the plan was decided, do not exist anymore; or when such a thing serves to the child and/or is at his best interest; ë) to facilitate and support the child and/or the family of the child to fulfil the actions or the tasks stipulated in the Individual Protection Plan; f) to participate in the judicial processes where the protection measures, proposed in the individual protection plans for the child, are reviewed; g) to address to the prosecutor regarding the removal of the parental responsibility informing him about the parents who demonstrate serious carelessness while exercising the parental responsibility, or when with their actions, the parents impact in a damaging way on the education and the development of the child; gj) to help the child and/or the family of the child in drafting and sending the complaints to the Ombudsman or to the other responsible authorities.”

      

    1. Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Albania adopted with law no. 7905, dated 21.3.1995, amended.

     

    1. Article 361/a : Cross-examination of the child witness (Added with law no. 9276, dated 16.9.2004) (Amended with law no.35/2017).
    1. DCM no. 263 dated 12.04. 2012 “On the determination of the comprehensive rules for cooperation among the institutional mechanisms and non-profitable organisations for the realization of the local policies for the protection of the rights”

     

    1. DCM no. 264, dated 12.04.2012 “On the procedures of conducting the control and rendering the sanction by the State Agency for the protection of Children’s Rights”

     

    1. DCM no. 265, dated 12.04.2012 “On the establishment and functioning of the mechanism for the coordination of the work between the state authorities responsible for the reference of the cases of the children in danger and its procedural way”

     

    1. DCM no. 266, dated 12.04.2012 On the coordination of the mechanisms at the central and local level for the cases of the protection of Children’s Rights”

     

    1. DCM no. 267, datë 12.04.2012 “On the types, the mode to exchange information and statistical data required by the agency and the responsible state structures at the central and local level”

     

    1. DCM no.201 dated 16.03.2011 “On the adoption of the regulation on the functioning of the National Council for the protection of the Child’s Rights”

     

    1. DCM no. 346 dated 29.04.2011 “On the adoption of the regulation on the organisation and the functioning of the state agency for the protection of the child’s rights”

     

    1. DCM no.573, dated 24.6.2015 “On the adoption of the standards of the services if the units for the protection of children”.
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  • "Andrew L. Cherry, ‎Valentina Baltag, ‎Mary E. Dillon "International Handbook on Adolescent Health and Development", Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2017.https://books.google.al/books?isbn=3319407430

    George Miller "Reforming Juvenile Justice system to improve the children's life" 2010,https://books.google.al/books?isbn=1437936369,

    Ted Rubin "Juvenile Justice, Policies, Practices and Programmes" Vol I,2003, https://books.google.al/books?isbn=1887554335.

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